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Shaft Failures
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Shafts function in wide
ranging service conditions, including corrosive environments, and both very high
and very low temperatures. Shafts may experience a range of loading
conditions. In general, shafts may experience tension, compression, bending,
torsion, or a combination of these loading conditions. Additionally, shafts may
experience vibratory stresses. |
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Wear is a common cause of
shaft failure. Abrasive wear is one of the forms of wear failures.
Abrasive wear, or abrasion, is caused by the
displacement of material from a solid surface due to hard particles or
protuberances sliding along the surface. Abrasive wear can reduce the
size and destroy the shape of a shaft. Some examples of abrasive wear of shafts
are foreign particles such as sand, dirt, metallic particles, and other debris
in the lubricant. This debris can damage a shaft by wear.
One of the more common causes
of shaft failure is due to fatigue. Fatigue failures commonly start at a stress
raiser. Other forms of fracture also commonly occur at stress raisers as well.
Some typical features in shafts that act as stress raisers are listed
below:
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Corners
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Keyways
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Grooves
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Press or shrink fits
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Welding defects
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Nicks or notches
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Splines
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Quench cracks
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Localized corrosion
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Arc strikes
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Failures may occur due to
misalignment. One cause of misalignment is the mismatch of mating parts.
Misalignment can be introduced during original assembly of equipment.
Misalignment can be introduced after an overall or repair of equipment.
Deflection or deformation of supporting components in service may also cause
misalignment. Misalignment can cause vibration resulting in a fatigue
failure of the shaft.
Some other causes of shaft
failures include the following:
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